![]() ![]() (Ĭ) A non-consumptive effect could arise when a predator has a negative effect on prey by eliciting a physiological stress response. The specific example here shows that physiology then directly determines predator morphology (for example, increased size) and behavior (for example, increased aggression), although behavior could also reciprocally determine physiology and morphology. ![]() The consumption of prey feeds directly to support predator physiological needs (the nutrient balance among maintenance, growth, and reproduction). (ī) The success of the predator consumptive effect on prey is contingent on the alignment (double-headed arrows) between predator morphology (for example, gape width) and prey morphology (body size) and between predator behavior (for example, hunting mode) and prey behavior (for example, escape mode). ![]() The predator–prey interaction is then decomposed into consumptive and non-consumptive effects. (ĭ) A modern view considers greater complexity due to interplay between predator and prey functional (physiological, morphological, and behavioral) traits. (Ī) In the classic, generic view, predators have a negative consumptive effect on prey, and prey provide a positive nutritional benefit to predators. Research shows that examining predator-prey interactions through the lens of an adaptive evolutionary-ecological game offers a foundation to explain variety in the nature and strength of predator-prey interactions observed in different ecological contexts.Īdaptations Ecology Evolution Functional Traits Predator Prey.Ī predator–prey interaction is represented as a module where consumptive effects are depicted by solid arrows and non-consumptive effects by dashed arrows. ![]() These interactions in turn can have dynamic feedbacks that can change the context of the predator-prey interaction, causing predator and prey to adapt their traits-through phenotypically plastic or rapid evolutionary responses-and the nature of their interaction. Moreover, trait responses can be triggered by non-consumptive predator-prey interactions elicited by responses of prey to risk of predation. Evidence shows that the nature and strength of many interactions are dependent upon the relative magnitude of predator and prey functional traits. Here, I discuss recent advances in this functional trait approach. Such traits include predator and prey body size, predator and prey personality, predator hunting mode, prey mobility, prey anti-predator behavior, and prey physiological stress. Functional traits are defined as any morphological, behavioral, or physiological trait of an organism associated with a biotic interaction. Recent approaches have begun to explore predator-prey relationships in terms of an evolutionary-ecological game in which predator and prey adapt to each other through reciprocal interactions involving context-dependent expression of functional traits that influence their biomechanics. Classic approaches have tried to understand and predict these relationships in terms of consumptive interactions between predator and prey species, but characterizing the interaction this way is insufficient to predict the complexity and context dependency inherent in predator-prey relationships. Predator-prey relationships are a central component of community dynamics. ![]()
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